https://doi.org/10.65770/OKDB4696
ABSTRACT
Crude oil contamination remains a major environmental concern in petroleum-producing regions, where repeated exposure to hydrocarbon mixtures may pose significant risks to human and animal health. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to petroleum-derived toxicants because of its high blood flow and central role in the filtration and excretion of xenobiotics. Despite increasing environmental exposure to crude oil pollutants, limited information exists on the renal effects of sub-acute crude oil exposure through multiple environmental pathways. This study investigated the biochemical and histopathological effects of sub-acute crude oil exposure on renal injury in Wistar rats. Twenty adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 5). The control group received normal feed and water, whereas the experimental groups were exposed to crude oil through contaminated feed, contaminated drinking water, or inhalation of crude oil vapour for 21 days. At the end of the exposure period, blood samples were collected for the analysis of renal biochemical parameters, including serum urea, creatinine, and electrolytes, while kidney tissues were processed for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Crude oil exposure produced significant alterations in renal biochemical parameters compared with the control group. The highest serum urea concentration occurred in the feed-exposed group, whereas the vapour-exposed group showed the highest creatinine level. These biochemical changes were accompanied by electrolyte disturbances and histological abnormalities, including tubular degeneration, glomerular distortion, glomerular shrinkage, and expansion of urinary spaces. In conclusion, sub-acute crude oil exposure induced route-dependent biochemical and histopathological alterations indicative of renal injury in Wistar rats. Continuous environmental monitoring and effective pollution control strategies are recommended to reduce petroleum-related health risks in crude oil-contaminated environments.
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