Aqueous phase adsorption-desorption studies of malachite green on metal-organic framework synthesized with zinc and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

ABSTRACT

In this study, a metal-organic framework (Zn₄O(BDCA)₃) was prepared with zinc nitrate and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid to test its suitability as aqueous phase adsorbent of malachite green dye, a useful colorant and potential pollutant. The colourless crystals obtained from the synthetic procedure were subjected to infrared spectrophotometric analysis. Using five solutions with concentration range 10 50 mg/dm³, adsorption tests were conducted to determine the effect of concentration on the adsorption of malachite green. The test yielded the corresponding percentage adsorption values: 30.9, 47.9, 25.83, 30.6, and 21.88%, and adsorption capacity values: 0.025, 0.077, 0.062, 0.098 and 0.088 mg per gram of Zn₄O(BDCA)₃, with the adsorption capacity trend revealing increased adsorption of malachite green from solutions with higher malachite green concentrations. Langmuir and Freundlich modelling of the adsorption data gave R² values (0.6663 and 0.6038 respectively) suggesting the simultaneous occurrence of monolayer and multilayer adsorption, as well as isotherm constants indicative of a poor adsorption performance by Zn₄O(BDCA)₃. Desorption tests conducted to determine the regenerability of Zn₄O(BDCA)₃ in six different reagents, sterile water, sterile water with pH adjusted to 2, sterile water with pH adjusted to 11, ethanol, methanol, and acetone, yielded percentage desorption values that suggested that desorption of malachite green from used Zn₄O(BDCA)₃ depended on pH and solvent polarity. The low pH desorbing medium (pH = 2) was the most effective desorption agent for the removal of malachite green from used Zn₄O(BDCA)_3. Further, the least polar solvent, among the water-like solvents utilized, desorbed the most amount. Acetone was only minimally effective as a desorption agent. A high pH desorbing medium (pH = 11) only moderately desorbed malachite green. The outcome of the study suggests that the zinc-based metal-organic framework, Zn₄O(BDCA)₃, may not be the most effective material for the removal of malachite green from water, however, it represents a highly regenerable and reusable material, which can as well be applied to recover malachite green from water.

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