ABSTRACT
The continuous increase in resistance to antimicrobials amongst the Enterobacteriaceae constitutes a growing public health threat and so has necessitated the need to continuously search for alternative antimicrobial chemotherapy. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of plant extracts and essential oils on antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from environmental sources. Standard microbiological methods were used for the isolation and characterization of E.coli and Klebsiella pneumonia isolates. Three hundred isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli were recovered from three (3) different environmental sources. The susceptibility of the isolates to ten (10) different antimicrobials was examined by the Kirby-Bauer technique. Thirty (30) isolates from each of the different sample types were also tested for extended β-lactamase production by the double disc synergy test. Soxhlet extractor apparatus was used for the extraction of plant samples. The susceptibility or otherwise of the isolates to essential oils and extracts from Moringa olifera seeds and Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) was analysed using the well in agar diffusion assay. The rates of resistance to the antibiotics were as follows: ampicillin (95.4%), cefotaxime (66.1%), ertapenem (57.4%) ceftazedime (65.1%), imipenem (60.6%), meropenem (53.7%), azetreonam (42.7%), ciprofloxacin (44.9%), lavafloxacin (25.3%) and gentamycin (32%). Twenty (22.2%) Isolates were positive for ESBL production. Antimicrobial analysis of the essential oils against the ESBL producers showed no inhibitory activity while the plant extracts produced zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations of between 1.32 and 1.78 mg/ml for the two plant extracts tested. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tanins, flavonoids and glycosides in different quantities. Moringa olifera seed and Ocimum gratissimum leaf extracts could be used as effective alternatives for the treatment of antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
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