ABSTRACT
CT scanners use X-rays and MRI scanners use radio waves. CT scanners are used for all objects and MRI scanners are used only for living objects, objects with water contents and hydrated objects. These known things are analysed and a basic difference between the electromagnetic waves used in CT scanners and the electromagnetic waves used in MRI scanners is explained in this article. The electric fields in all objects are considered as the reason for applicability of CT scanners to all objects and the magnetic fields in all living beings are considered as the reason for applicability of MRI scanners to living beings. The applications of MRI scanners for all objects having fluid flows leading to magnetic fields are explained. The applications of MRI scanners for some objects with water contents are also explained. Justifications for new reasons are provided in this article, when there are no justifications for old reasons.
References
- P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, T. Adams, P. Addesso, R.X. Adhikari, V.B. Adya, and, C. Cahillane, GW170817: observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star in spiral. Physical Review Letters 119(16) (2017) 161101
- Ahuja, B.K. Panigrahi, N. Dey, V. Rajinikanth, and T.K. Gandhi, Deep transfer learning-based automated detection of COVID-19 from lung CT scan slices. Applied Intelligence 51 (2021) 571-585
- I. Al-Shamma’a, A. Shaw, and S. Saman, Propagation of electromagnetic waves at MHz frequencies through seawater. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 52(11) (2004) 2843-2849
- van As, and J. van Duynhoven, MRI of plants and foods. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 229 (2013) 25-34
- L. Baadsvik, M. Weiger, R. Froidevaux, M.B. Rösler, D.O. Brunner, L. Öhrström, L, F.J. Rühli, P. Eppenberger, and K.P. Pruessmann, High‐resolution MRI of mummified tissues using advanced short‐T2 methodology and hardware. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 85(3) (2021) 1481-1492
- Badr, Using CT scan as non destructive tool for mummies examination applied on Tayuheret mummy (1054–1046 BC). Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies 4(2) (2014) 113-118
- Baule, and R. McFee, Theory of magnetic detection of the heart’s electrical activity. Journal of Applied Physics 36(6) (1965) 2066-2073
- E. Beischer, Human tolerance to magnetic fields. Astronautics 7(3) (1962) 24-25
- K. Berkaya, A.K. Uysal, E.S. Gunal, S. Ergin, S. Gunal, and M.B. Gulmezoglu, A survey on ECG analysis. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 43 (2018) 216-235
- Borisjuk, H. Rolletschek, and T. Neuberger, Surveying the plant’s world by magnetic resonance imaging. The Plant Journal 70(1) (2012) 129-146
- Borisjuk, H. Rolletschek, and T. Neuberger, Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of lipid in living plants. Progress in Lipid Research 52(4) (2013) 465-487
- Cohen, Measurements of the magnetic fields produced by the human heart, brain, and lungs. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 11(2) (1975) 694-700
- Cohen, Y. Palti, B.N. Cuffin,and S.J. Schmid, Magnetic fields produced by steady currents in the body. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77(3) (1980) 1447-1451
- van Dusschoten, R. Metzner, J. Kochs, J.A. Postma, D. Pflugfelder, J. Bühler, U. Schurr, and S. Jahnke, Quantitative 3D analysis of plant roots growing in soil using magnetic resonance imaging. Plant Physiology 170(3) (2016) 1176-1188
- Fatimah, R. Ragadhita, D.F. Al Husaeni, and A.B.D. Nandiyanto, How to calculate crystallite size from x-ray diffraction (XRD) using Scherrer method. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 2(1) (2022) 65-76
- Ghoshal, S. Banu, A. Chakrabarti, S. Sur‐Kolay, and A. Pandit, 3D reconstruction of spine image from 2D MRI slices along one axis. IET Image Processing 14(12) (2020) 2746-2755
- Giovannetti, A. Guerrini, E. Carnieri, and P.A. Salvadori, Magnetic resonance imaging for the study of mummies. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 34(6) (2016) 785-794
- Gowland, and P. Glover, Comment on ICNIRP guidelines for limiting exposure to electric fields induced by movement of the human body in a static magnetic field and by time-varying magnetic fields below 1 Hz. Health Physics 107(3) (2014) 261
- He, W. He, L. Tan, F. Chen, F. Meng, H. Feng, H, and Z. Xu, Use of 2.1 MHz MRI scanner for brain imaging and its preliminary results in stroke. Journal of Magnetic Resonance 319 (2020) 106829
- Khan, A.S. Yerramilli, A. D’Oliveira, T.L. Alford, D.C. Boffito, and G.S. Patience, Experimental methods in chemical engineering: X‐ray diffraction spectroscopy—XRD. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 98(6) (2020) 1255-1266
- A. Lafond, L. Han, and P. Dutilleul, Concepts and analyses in the CT scanning of root systems and leaf canopies: A timely summary. Frontiers in Plant Science 6 (2015) 1111
- Lev, and C.M. Boyce, Opportunities for characterizing geological flows using magnetic resonance imaging. Iscience 23(9) (2020) 1-12
- Lontoc-Roy, P. Dutilleul, S.O. Prasher, L. Han, and D.L. Smith, Computed tomography scanning for three-dimensional imaging and complexity analysis of developing root systems. Botany 83(11) (2005) 1434-1442
- Metzner, A. Eggert, D. van Dusschoten, D. Pflugfelder, S. Gerth, U. Schurr, N. Uhlmann, and S. Jahnke, Direct comparison of MRI and X-ray CT technologies for 3D imaging of root systems in soil: potential and challenges for root trait quantification. Plant Methods 11(1) (2015) 1-11
- L. Miller, C.J. Stagg, G. Douaud, S. Jbabdi, S.M. Smith, T.E. Behrens, M. Jenkinson, S.A. Chance, M.M. Esiri, N.L. Voets, and N. Jenkinson, Diffusion imaging of whole, post-mortem human brains on a clinical MRI scanner. Neuroimage 57(1) (2011) 167-181
- G. Moorthy, and G.U. Sankar, The temperature of electromagnetic waves and bounds for wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. World Scientific News 183 (2023) 90-103
- P. Mulvaney, and C.D. Keating, Raman spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 72(12) (2000) 145-158
- Panzer, S. Ketterl, R. Bicker, S. Schoske, and A.G. Nerlich, How to CT scan human mummies: Theoretical considerations and examples of use. International Journal of Paleopathology 26 (2019) 122-134
- Ross, L. Ebner, P. Flach, R. Brodhage, S.A. Bolliger, A. Christe, and M.J. Thali, Postmortem whole-body MRI in traumatic causes of death. American Journal of Roentgenology 199(6) (2012) 1186-1192
- Rygula, K. Majzner, K.M. Marzec, A. Kaczor, M. Pilarczyk, and M. Barans, Raman spectroscopy of proteins: a review. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 44(8) (2013) 1061-1076
- M. Sanchez, J. Carpenter, K.E. Chapman, D.J. Dlugos, W.B. Gallentine, C.C. Giza, J.L. Goldstein, C.D. Hahn, S.K. Kessler, T. Loddenkemper, and J.J. Riviello Jr., Pediatric ICU EEG monitoring: current resources and practice in the United States and Canada. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 30(2) (2013) 156-160
- L. Sengupta, and T.K. Sarkar, Maxwell, Hertz, the Maxwellians, and the early history of electromagnetic waves. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 45(2) (2003) 13-19
- H. Shin, I.S. Lee, M.J. Kim, C.S. Oh, J.B. Park, G.D. Bok, and D.S. Yoo, Magnetic resonance imaging performed on a hydrated mummy of medieval Korea. Journal of Anatomy 216(3) (2010) 329-334
- Song, L. Jiang, Y. Liu, M. Yang, X. Zhou, Y. Zhao, B. Dou, A. Abdula, and Z. Xue, Study of the fluid flow characteristics in a porous medium for CO2 geological storage using MRI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 32(5) (2014) 574-584
- A. Stuchly, and T.W. Dawson, Human body exposure to power lines: relation of induced quantities to external magnetic fields. Health Physics 83(3) (2002) 333-340
- Tu, and C. Chang, Diagnostic applications of Raman spectroscopy. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 8(5) (2012) 545-558
- K. Vyas, R.K. Verma, S. Maurya, and V.V.P. Singh, Review of magnetron developments. Frequenz 70(9-10) (2016) 455-462
- D. Wade, G.J. Garvin, J.H. Hurnanen, L.L. Williams, B. Lawson, A.J. Nelson, and D. Tampieri, Scenes from the past: multidetector CT of Egyptian mummies of the Redpath Museum. Radiographics 32(4) (2012) 1235-1250
- Yan, X. Luo, W. Wang, R. Toussaint, J. Schmittbuhl, G. Vasseur, F. Chen, A. Yu, and L. Zhang, An experimental study of secondary oil migration in a three-dimensional tilted porous medium. AAPG Bulletin 96(5) (2012) 773-788
- Zhou, K. Xu, J. Chen, and X. Wang, Mechanism of plant lateral root reinforcing soil based on CT scan and mesomechanics analysis. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 30(1) (2014) 1-9
Download all article in PDF