https://doi.org/10.65770/PTWW1236
ABSTRACT
This study aimed at the reduction on the overdependence on conventional chemical synthesis routes and to explore sustainable nanotechnology alternatives has led to rapid growth in research on biomass-derived nanomaterials. The present study investigates the green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from three different biomass sources: elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca spp.) peel, and bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) shell. Biomass extracts were prepared and employed as both reducing and stabilizing agents in nanoparticle formation from silver nitrate precursor. The effects of synthesis parameters such as temperature, extract-to-metal salt ratio, pH, and reaction time were examined. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for structural, morphological, and surface properties using UV–Vis spectroscopy and FTIR analysis. Results from the effects of parameters found that the best nanoparticle properties were achieved at a temperature of 60 °C, a reaction time of 60 minutes, an extract-to-silver nitrate (AgNO₃) ratio of 1:3, and a pH of 8, with elephant grass extract being identified as the most effective biomass source. The results of the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified the functional groups involved in reduction and capping, linking extract chemistry to nanoparticle stabilisation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the crystalline nature and phase purity of the nanoparticles. Antimicrobial diffusion assays with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus revealed size-dependent activity, with unripe plantain-derived AgNPs exhibiting the highest inhibition zones. The GCMS shows that the silver nanoparticle contains metallic silver and some phenolic compounds. The study demonstrates that all three biomasses are effective bio-resources for nanoparticle production, highlighting their potential in sustainable nanomaterial synthesis.
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