Hydraulic Fracturing; Environmental Issue

ABSTRACT
Environment is the integrated system, each and every factor of which is dependent on the other.
Marine ecosystems are very important for the overall health of both marine and terrestrial
environments. According to the World Resource Center, coastal habitats alone account for
approximately 1/3 of all marine biological productivity, and estuarine ecosystems (i.e., salt marshes,
seagrasses, mangrove forests) are among the most productive regions on the planet. In addition, other
marine ecosystems such as coral reefs, provide food and shelter to the highest levels of marine
diversity in the world. Marine ecosystems usually have a large biodiversity and are therefore thought
to have a good resistance against invasive species. However, exceptions have been observed, and the
mechanisms responsible in determining the success of an invasion are not yet clear. Changes among
the factors an any ecosystem are permissible up to some extent. Induced hydraulic fracturing
(hydrofracturing, also commonly known as fracking or fraccing) is a mining technique in which a
liquid (in most cases water) is mixed with sand and chemicals and the resultant mixture injected at
high pressure into a wellbore. This creates small fractures in the deep rock formations, typically less
than 1mm wide, along which gas, petroleum and brine may migrate to the well. Hydraulic pressure is
removed from the well, then small grains of proppant (sand or aluminium oxide) hold these fractures
open once the rock achieves equilibrium. The technique is very common in wells for shale gas, tight
gas, tight oil, and coal seam gas and hard rock wells. This well stimulation is usually conducted once
in the life of the well and greatly enhances fluid removal and well productivity, but there has been an
increasing trend towards multiple hydraulic fracturing as production declines. The first experimental
use of hydraulic fracturing was in 1947, and the first commercially successful applications were in
1949. As of 2012, 2.5 million hydraulic fracturing jobs have been performed on oil and gas wells
worldwide, more than one million of them in the United States. Proponents of hydraulic fracturing
point to the economic benefits from the vast amounts of formerly inaccessible hydrocarbons the
process can extract. Opponents of hydraulic fracturing point to environmental risks, including
contamination of ground water, depletion of fresh water, contamination of the air, noise pollution, the
migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills
and flow-back, and the possible health effects of these. There are increases in seismic activity, mostly
associated with deep injection disposal of flowback and produced brine from hydraulically fractured
wells. For these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under international scrutiny, with some
countries protecting it, and others suspending or banning it. Some of those countries, including most
notably the United Kingdom, have recently lifted their bans, choosing to focus on regulation instead of
outright prohibition. The European Union is in the process of applying regulation to permit this to take
place.

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