Body Composition and Performance in Cross Country Skiing

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study is to demonstrate the relationship between volume and intensity of work that the cross country ski during the macrocycle training and supplementation, and changes in body composition. This work is based on analysis of source materials, obtained from conducted individually by the athlete registration process of training, maximal exercise test results and the results of measurements of body composition performed in the laboratory functional studies. The highest results in terms of oxygen uptake test obtained during the second measurement. VO2 max reached the 3.2 l / min and 54 mL / kg / min VO2 on the threshold LT 49 ml / kg / min,% VO2 max on the threshold LT – 90.7. The maximum values ​​of blood lactate level in the course of further tests were progressive 8.4 mmol / l 4.33 mmol / l and 9.39 mmol / l. The fat within the macrocycle decreased by 2.6% (1.8 kg). The lowest value was recorded adipose tissue after a period of preparation of the main (measurement of 22/08/2013) and amounted to 8.2% (4.8 kg). The effect of endurance training in an increase of the ceiling of oxygen and lactate threshold shift towards higher loads. Has reduced the level of adipose tissue, which may be the result of physical exertion, but carried supplementation based on building lean body mass at the expense of body fat. This is a translation of my authorship the original source, which was publicated in an edition of the Scientific Publishing Sophia in 2015¹. It aims to increase the accessibility of the text.

References

1. J.O. Holloszy , M.J.Rennie, R.C. Hickson, R.K. Conlee, J.M. Hagberg , Physiological consequences of the biochemical adaptations to endurance exercise. Ann NY Acad Sci 1977, 301: 440-450. 
2. A. Łarionow, Metodyka przygotowania zawodników w narciarstwie biegowym na różnych etapach szkolenia. AWF Katowice 2002.
3. A. Jaskólski, Podstawy fizjologii wysiłku fizycznego z zarysem fizjologii człowieka. Wrocław, AWF Wrocław 2002.
4. G. Prus, A. Zając, Trening wytrzymałości specjalnej w wybranych dyscyplinach sportu, Biurotext Bartłomiej Szade, 1999.
5. M. Czuba, A. Zając (2006) Analiza sprawności cech krążeniowo-oddechowych w rocznym cyklu treningowym kolarzy. Zeszyty metodyczno-naukowe, Katowice.
6. Z. Krejpcio, K. Skwarek, Ocena powszechności spożycia suplementów diety w wybranej grupie osób aktywnych sportowo. Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii, 2011.
7. N.L. Meyer, M.M. Manore, C. Helle, Nutrition for winter sports, J Sports Sci. 2011, 29 Suppl 1: S127-36.
8. [8] J. Romijn, J. Rosenblatt, E. Coyle, L. Sidossis, R. Wolfe, (2000). Substrate metabolism during different exercise intensities in endurance-trained women. J. Appl. Physiology 88(5): 1707-1714.
9. [9] T. Stöggl, B. Sperlich, (2014). Six weeks of a polarized training-intensity distribution leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations than a threshold model in trained cyclists. Front psychology.
10. [10] F. Evertsen, J. Medbø, J. I. Bonen (2001). A Effect of training intensity on muscle lactate transporters and lactate threshold of cross-country skiers. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 173(2), 195-205.
11. [11] G. Ettema, H.C. Holmberg, Ø. Sandbakk, (2011). Analysis of a sprint ski race and associated laboratory determinants of world-class performance. Europan journal of applied physiology, 1, 947-957.
12. G. Ettema, H.C. Holmberg, S. Leirdal, Ø. Sandbakk, (2011). The physiology of world-class sprint skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 12.
13. T. Stöggl, B. Sperlich (2014). Polarized training has greater impact on key endurance variables than threshold, high intensity, or high volume training. Front Physiology.
14. P. Oja, R.M. Laukkanen, T.K. Kukkonen-Harjula, I.M. Vuori, M.E. Pasanen, S.P. Niittymäki, T. Solakivi, Training effects of cross-country skiing and running on maximal aerobic cycle performance and on blood lipids. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1991, 62(6): 400-4.
15. P. Larsson, K. Henriksson-Larsén, Body composition and performance in cross-country skiing. Int J Sports Med, 2008, 29: 971-975.
16. A. Zając, Z. Waśkiewicz, Nauka w służbie sportu wyczynowego. Katowice, AWF Katowice 2007.
17. J. Żołądź, Nowe spojrzenie na zależność poboru tlenu od mocy generowanej przez mięśnie szkieletowe człowieka.2007, Sport Wyczynowy nr 7-8.
18. F. Ingjer. Maximal oxygen uptake as a predictor of performance ability in women and men elite cross-country skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1991, 1(1): 25-30.
19. H. Hoppeler, H. Howald, K. Conley, S.L. Lindstedt, H. Claassen, P. Vock et al., Endurance training in humans: Aerobic capacity and structure of skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol, 1985, 59(2): 320-327.
20. N.V. Mahood, R.W. Kenefick, R. Kertzer, T.J. Quinn, Physiological determinants of cross-country ski racing performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001: 33(8): 1379-1384.
21. P. Hofmann, P. Rochus, Value of the Application of the Heart Rate Performance Curve in Sports, International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2010, 5: 437-447.
22. T. Losnegard, K. Mikkelsen, B.R. Rønnestad, J. Hallén, B. Rud et al. The effect of heavy strength training on muscle mass and physical performance in elite cross country skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011, 21: 389-401.
23. J.J. Shorter, D.W. Bacharach, S.E. Gaskill, J.M. Kelly, G.M. Street, Comparison of physiological variables between developmental and elite cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991: 23: S81.
24. A. Weltmann, The Blood Lactate Response to Exercise. Human Kinetics, Champaign 1995.
25. T. Held, B. Marti, Substantial influence of level of endurance capacity in the association of perceived exertion with blood lactate accumulation. Int J Sports Med, 1999, 20(1), 34-39.
26. G.J. Bell, S.R. Petersen, J. Wessel, K. Bagnall, H.A. Quinney, Physiological adaptations to concurrent endurance training and low velocity resistance training. Int J Sports Med 1991: 12(4): 384-390.
27. L.V. Billat, Use of Blood Lactate Measurements for Prediction of Exercise Performance and for Control of Training. Sports Med, 1996, 22(3), 157-175.
28. U. Bergh, The influence of body mass in cross-country skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987, 19(4): 324-331.
29. P. Larsson, P. Olofsson, E. Jakobsson, L. Burlin, K. Henriksson-Larsen, Physiological predictors of performance in cross-country skiing from treadmill tests in male and female subjects. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2002, 12(6): 347-353.
30. MJ Gibala, J.P. Little, M.J. Macdonald, J. A. Hawley, (2012). Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J. Physiol. 590(5): 1077-1084.
31. J. Achten, A.E Jeukendrup, Heart rate monitoring: applications and limitations. Sports Med. 2003, 33(7): 517-538.
32. J. Esteve-Lanao, C. Foster, A. Lucia, S. Seiler (2007). Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. J Strength, Cond Res. 21(3): 943-9.
33. Z. Krejpcio, K. Skwarek, Ocena powszechności spożycia suplementów diety w wybranej grupie osób aktywnych sportowo. Problemy Higieny i Epidemiologii, 2011.
34. G. E. Campos, T.J. Luecke, H. K. Wendeln, K. Toma, F.C. Hagerman, T.F. Murray, K.E. Ragg, N.A. Ratamess, W.J. Kraemer, R.S. Staron, Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistancetraining regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002, 88(1-2): 50-60.

Download all article in PDF

WSN 45(2) (2016) 342-354