ABSTRACT
By convention the term vitamin includes neither other essential nutrients, such as dietary
minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids (which are needed in greater amounts than
vitamins) nor the great number of other nutrients that promote health, and are required less often to
maintain the health of the organism. Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present. Vitamins
are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each “vitamin” refers
to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular
vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin “generic descriptor” title,
such as “vitamin A”, which includes the compounds retinal, retinol, and four known carotenoids.
Vitamers by definition are convertible to the active form of the vitamin in the body, and are sometimes
inter-convertible to one another, as well. Topical application of ten microliters of one milligram per
liter strength acetone solution of retinol phytol to the individual fifth instar larvae of multivoltine cross
breed race of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) ( PM x CSR2) at 48, 54, 60 and 66 hours after the fourth
moult was found variously reflected into prolongation of larval age (14 – 39 % for retinol treated
groups and 17 – 42 % for phytol treated groups); improvement in the tissue somatic index (TSI) of silk
glands (3.053 – 3.343 for retinol treated groups and 3.070 – 3.092 % for phytol treated groups);
cocoon shell ratio (2.790 – 3.177 for retinol treated groups and 2.693 – 3.629 for phytol treated
groups) and denier scale of silk filament (p < 0.01). Retinol and phytol, thus chiefly lengthening the
larval age in silkworm, Bombyx mori (L). The synergistic activity of diterpenoids in the present
attempt is hypothesized to be due to changes in the membrane fluidity, interference with membrane
bound signaling proteins and cell cycle arrest. Efficient utilization of diterpenoids like, retinol and
phytol, through acetone solvent for topical application to the fifth instared larvae of silkworm, Bombyx
mori (L) may open a new biotechnological and Vitamin oriented avenue in the sericulture industries.
Efficient use of Vitamin A and Phytol serve to orchestrate the qualitative progression of silk.
References
[1] Angelica Nakamura; Renata Stiebler; Marcelo R Fantappié; Eliane Fialho; Hatisaburo
Masuda and Marcus F Oliveira (2007). Effects of retinoids and juvenoids on moult and
on phenoloxidase activity in the blood-sucking insect, Rhodnius prolixus (L). Acta
Tropica 103: 222-230.
[2] Riddiford, L. M. and Ashburner, M. (1990). Role of Juvenile hormone in larval
development and metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster (L). Comparative
Endocrinology. 82: 172-183.
[3] Bowles, J.; Knight, D.; Wihlem, D.; Richman, J.; Mamiya, S.; Yashiro, K.;
Chawengsaksphak, K. ; Wilson, M. J. ; Rossant, J. ; Hamada, H. and Koopman, P.
(2006). Retinoid signaling determines germ cell fate in mice. Science 312: 596-600.
[4] Ying, H. Wang; Guirong Wang and Gerold A. LeBlanc (2006). Cloning and
characterization of the retinoid X receptor from a primitive crustacean, Daphnia magna
(L). General and Comparative Endocrinology. 150: 309-318.
[5] Akai, H. and Kobayashi, M. (1971). Introduction of prolonged larval instar by juvenile
hormone in Bombyx mori (L) (Lepidoptera : bombycidae). Appl. Entemol. Zool, 6: 1938-1939.
[6] Calvez, B.; Hiren, M. and Reddy, M. (1976). Progress of developmental programme
during the last larval instar Bombyxmori (L): Relationships with food intake,
ecdysteroids and juvenile hormone. Journal of insect physiology, 24(4): 233-239.
[7] Ching, F.C; Mukakeshi, S. and Tamura, S. (1972). Giant cocoon formation in the
silkworm, Bombyxmori (L) treated with methyloneoxyphenyl derivatives. Agar. Biol. Chem. 36: 692-694.
[8] Dhas, L. S.; Latpate, C. B.; Sonkambale, M. M. and Desai S. D. (2014). Effect of
Azotobzcter and Vermicompost on Mulberry in relation to economic traits of Silkworm,
Bombyx mori (L). The Ecoscan: Special Issue, Vol. VI: 375-378.
[9] Granier and Granier (1938). Fenoxycarb, a fairly new growth regulator: A review of its
effects on insects. Ann. Appl. Biol. 122: 369-403.
[10] Kamada, A. and Shimada, S. (1988). Effects of methoprene on growth profile of larval
organs of silkworm, Bombyxmori (L). Jornal of sericulture science, Jpn. 48 (2): 129-136.
[11] Khyade V.B. (2004). Influence of juvenoids on silkworm, Bombyxmori (L). Ph.D thesis,
Shivaji University, Kolhapur. (Maharashtra, India).
[12] Kiguchi, K. and Augi, N. (1981). Ecdysteroid level and development events during
larval moulting in silkworm, Bombyxmori (L). Insect physiol. 26: 805-813.
[13] Krishnaswami, S.; Narimhan, N.; Suryanarayana, S.K and Kumararaja, S. (1978).
Manual on sericulture, vol. 2: silkworm rearing, FAO publication, Agricultural services
bulletin no. 15.
[14] Mamatha, D.N; Nagalalakhamma, K.; Vijay, P. and RajeshwaraRao, A.M. (1999).
Impact of selected juvenile hormone mimics on organic constituents of silkworm,
Bombyxmori (L). Proceedings of NSTS, 99: 185-186.
[15] Muroga, A.; Nakajima, M.; Aomori,S.; Ozawa, Y. and Nihmura, M. (1975). Utilization
of synthetic juvenile hormone analogue for the silkworm rearing on the mulberry
leaves. J. Sreic. Sci. Jpn. 44: 267-273.
[16] Nihmura, M.; Aomori,S.; Mori, K. and Matusui, M. (1972). Utilization of synthetic
compounds with juvenile hormone activity for silkworm rearing. Agri. Biol. Chem. 36:
882-889.
[17] Normn, T.J and Bailey, (1995). Stastical methods in biology.2nd ed., Halsted Press,
John Wiley & Co., New York, 216 pp.
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/24020/0000269.pdf?sequence=
1&isAllowed=y
[18] Prabhu, V.K.K; John, M. (1975). Juvenomimetic activity in some plants. Experimental,
31: 913-914.
[19] Rajashekhargouda, R. (1991). Studies on methods to increase silk yield of Bombyxmori
(L) (Lepidoptera : bombycidae). Ph.D thesis, Tamil Nadu University, Coimbtore, India.
[20] Ratna Sen, (1988). How does juvenile hormone analogue cause more silk yield. Indian
silk: 21-22.
[21] Riddiford, L.M. (1985). Hormone action at Cellular and Molecular actions of juvenile
hormone: general considerations for premetamorpic actions. Adv. Insect physiol., 24: 213-214.
[22] Sehnal, F. and Rambold, H. (1985). Brain stimulation of juvenile hormone production
in insect larvae. Experimentation 41: 684-685.
[23] Slama, K. (1971). Insect juvenile hormone analogues ann. Rev. biochem. 40: 1079-1102.
[24] Slama, K.; Wimmer, Z. and Romanuk, M. (1978). Juvenile hormone activity of some
glycosidicjuvenogens. Hopperstyler’s Physiol. Chem. 359: 1407-1412.
[25] Slama, K. (1985). Pharmacology of insect juvenile hormones. In: Biochemistry and
pharmacology (Eds G.A Kerkutand L.I Gilbert), Vol. 11: 357-394. Pergamon Press, New York.
[26] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Patil, S.B; Khyade,, S.V and Bhavane, G.P (2002). Influence of
acetone maceratives of Vitisvinifera on the larval parameters of silkworm Bombyx mori
(L). Indian journal of comparative animal physiology 20: 14-18.
[27] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Patil, S.B; Khyade, S.V and Bhavane, G.P (2003). Influence of
acetone macerative of Vitisvinifera on the economic parameters of silkworm Bombyx
mori (L). Indian journal of comparative animal physiology. Vol. 21: 28-32.
[28] Wimmer, Z. and Romanauk, M. (1981). The synthesis of biologically active 2-(4-
hydroxyl benzyl)-1-cyclohexanol derivation. Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun. 46: 2573-2586.
[29] Anjang, Tan; Hiromasa, Tanaka; Toshiki Tamura and Takahiro Shiotsuki (2005).
Precocious metamorphosis in transgenic silkworms overexpressing juvenile hormone
esterase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Aug 16, 2005; 102(33): 11751-11756.
http://genepath.med.harvard.edu/~perrimon/papers/2013_Zirin_DevBio_Ecdysone.pdf
[30] Hamberger B and Bak S. (2013). Plant P450s as versatile drivers for evolution of
species-specific chemical diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 368(1612):
20120426. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0426.
[31] Van Den Brink, D. M.; Wanders, R. J. A. (2006). “Phytanic acid: Production from
phytol, its breakdown and role in human disease”. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
63(15): 1752–65.doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5463-y. PMID 16799769.
[32] Vencl, Fredric V.; Morton, Timothy C. (1998). “The shield defense of the sumac flea
beetle, Blepharida rhois (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)”. Chemoecology 8(1): 25-32. doi:
10.1007/PL00001800.
[33] Watkins, Paul A; Moser, Ann B; Toomer, Cicely B; Steinberg, Steven J; Moser, Hugo
W; Karaman, Mazen W; Ramaswamy, Krishna; Siegmund, Kimberly D; Lee, D Rick;
Ely, John J; Ryder, Oliver A; Hacia, Joseph G (2010). “Identification of differences in
human and great ape phytanic acid metabolism that could influence gene expression
profiles and physiological functions”.BMC Physiology 10: 19. doi: 10.1186/1472-6793-
10-19. PMC 2964658. PMID 20932325.
[34] Moser, Ann B; Hey, Jody; Dranchak, Patricia K; Karaman, Mazen W; Zhao, Junsong;
Cox, Laura A; Ryder, Oliver A; Hacia, Joseph G (2013). “Diverse captive non-human
primates with phytanic acid-deficient diets rich in plant products have substantial
phytanic acid levels in their red blood cells”. Lipids in Health and Disease 12: 10. doi:
10.1186/1476-511X-12-10.PMC 3571895. PMID 23379307.
[35] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Jiwan P. Sarwade (2013). Utilization of Retinol through the
topical application to the fifth instar larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (L) (Race:
PM x CSR2) for qualitative improvement of the economic parameters. International
Journal of Advanced Life Sciences 6(5): 532-537.
[36] Vitthalrao B. Khyade; Karel Slama; Rajendra D. Pawar and Sanjay V. Deshmukh
(2015). Influence of Various Concentrations of Acetone Solution of Retinol on Pattern
of Chitin Deposition in the Integument of Fifth Instar Larvae of Silkworm, Bombyx
mori (L) (Pm X Csr2). Journal of Applicable Chemistry (4)15: 1434-1445.
[37] Gajanan B. Zore; Archana D. Thakre; Sitaram Jadhavand S. Mohan Karuppayil (2011).
Terpenoids inhibit Candida albicans (L) growth by affecting membrane integrity and
arrest cell cycle. Phytomedicine 18: 1181-1190.
[38] Vitthalrao B. Khyade and Anil N. Shendge (2012). Influence of Aloe vera (L) herbal
formulation on the larval characters and economic parameters of silkworm, Bombyx
mori (L) (Race: PM x CSR2). The Ecoscan Special Issue, 1: 321-326
Download all article in PDF
Support the magazine and subscribe to the content
This is premium stuff. Subscribe to read the entire article.
