Co-occurrence of craniofacial injuries with cervical spine injuries

ABSTRACT

In their daily practice, both doctors and dentists can come into contact with patients who have suffered craniofacial trauma as a consequence of traffic accidents, assaults or falls. This creates a risk of life threatening complications, such as impaired airway patency or hemorrhagic shock. The aim of the study was to discuss the connections and dependency between the type and location of facial trauma and possible traumatic changes that occur in the cervical spine. The knowledge of these information allows dotors to conduct precise examination of the patient and take appropriate action, such as implementing proper therapeutic procedures, reducing the risk of misdiagnosis or misdiagnosis omissions. The pediatric population should also be taken into consideration since such injuries are less common in them than in adults, however, neurological recovery potential seems to be better. The following literature review provides an extensive discussion of the association between craniofacial injuries and cervical spine injuries. In August 2023, an extensive research of major electronic databases was carried out (PubMed, Google Scholar) in order to identify relevant studies published on this subject. It is necessary to pay special attention to the possible occurrence of concomitant damage to the cervical spine, especially in patients with fractures of the mandible, nose or zygomatic-maxillary-orbital area. It is also important to implement appropriate procedures that will minimize the risk of failure in treatment, or negative health consequences for the patient.

References

• Beirne, J. C., Butler, P. E., and Brady, F. A. Cervical spine injuries in patients with facial fractures: A 1-year prospective study. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 1995 Feb; 24(1 Pt 1): 26-9. doi: 10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80852-5
• Baker, A. B., and Mackenzie, W. Facial and cervical injuries. J. Aust. 1976 Feb 21; 1(8): 236-7. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1976.tb140555.x
• Luce, E. A., Tubb, T. D., and Moore, A. M. Review of 1,000 major facial fractures and associated injuries. Reconstr. Surg. 1979 Jan; 63(1): 26-30. doi: 10.1097/00006534-197901000-00005
• Pereira CP, Santos R, Santos A, Gonçalves C, Augusto D, Rodrigues A, Salvado F, Brilhante F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of oral and maxillofacial trauma. J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2022; 40(3): 2-21
• Mukherjee, S., Abhinav, K., & Revington, P. (2015). A review of cervical spine injury associated with maxillofacial trauma at a UK tertiary referral centre. The Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 97(1), 66–72. doi: 10.1308/003588414×14055925059633
• Jamal, B. T., Diecidue, R., Qutub, A., & Cohen, M. (2009). The Pattern of Combined Maxillofacial and Cervical Spine Fractures. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 67(3), 559–562. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.07.010
• Bicsák A, Sarge R, Müller O, Hassfeld S, Bonitz L. Fracture heat map of the facial skull demonstrates a danger zone of concomitant cervical spine injuries. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 11989. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91543-2
• Haug, R. H., Wible, R. T., Likavec, M. J., & Conforti, P. J. (1991). Cervical spine fractures and maxillofacial trauma. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 49(7), 725–729. doi: 10.1016/s0278-2391(10)80236-8
• Roccia, F., Cassarino, E., Boccaletti, R., & Stura, G. (2007). Cervical Spine Fractures Associated With Maxillofacial Trauma. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 18(6), 1259–1263. doi: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31814e0581
• Kayser, R., Weber, U., & Heyde, C. E. (2006). Verletzungen des kraniozervikalen Übergangs. Der Orthopäde, 35(3), 244–269. doi: 10.1007/s00132-005-0920-8
• Brandt, T., Orberk, E., & Grond-Ginbach, C. (2006). Klinik und Therapie der Dissektionen hirnversorgender Arterien. Der Nervenarzt, 77(S01), 17–30. doi: 10.1007/s00115-006-2142-7
• Holly, L. T., Kelly, D. F., Counelis, G. J., Blinman, T., McArthur, D. L., & Cryer, H. G. (2002). Cervical spine trauma associated with moderate and severe head injury: incidence, risk factors, and injury characteristics. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 96(3), 285–291. doi: 10.3171/spi.2002.96.3.0285
• Halsey JN, Hoppe IC, Marano AA, Kordahi AM, Lee ES, Granick MS. Characteristics of Cervical Spine Injury in Pediatric Patients With Facial Fractures. J Craniofac Surg. 2016; 27(1): 109-11. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000002284
• AlMofreh Dds F., AlOtaibi S., Jaber M., Bishawi Dds K., AlShanably Dds A., AlMutairi F., Cervical spine injuries and maxillofacial trauma: a systematic review. The Saudi Dental Journal 2021; 33(8): 805–812. doi: 10.1016/J.SDENTJ.2021.09.006
• Mulligan RP, Mahabir RC. The prevalence of cervical spine injury, head injury, or both with isolated and multiple craniomaxillofacial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010; 126(5): 1647-1651. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181ef90e4
• Mithani SK, St-Hilaire H, Brooke BS, Smith IM, Bluebond-Langner R, Rodriguez ED. Predictable patterns of intracranial and cervical spine injury in craniomaxillofacial trauma: analysis of 4786 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009; 123(4): 1293-1301. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819e26f2
• Harounian JA, Ni G, Carr MM. Patterns of pediatric cervical spine fractures in association with mandibular and facial fractures. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020; 139: 110428. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110428
• Puolakkainen T, Thorén H, Vähäsilta L, Narjus-Sterba M, Wilson ML, Brinck T, Snäll J. Cervical spine injuries in facial fracture patients – injury mechanism and fracture type matter. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2021; 49(5): 387-393. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2021.01.025
• Färkkilä, E. M., Peacock, Z. S., Tannyhill, R. J., Petrovick, L., Gervasini, A., Velmahos, G. C., & Kaban, L. B. (2019). Frequency of cervical spine injuries in patients with midface fractures. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.06.024
• Hackl, W., Fink, C., Hausberger, K., Ulmer, H., & Gassner, R. (2001). The Incidence of Combined Facial and Cervical Spine Injuries. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 50(1), 41–45. doi: 10.1097/00005373-200101000-00007
• Elahi, M. M., Brar, M. S., Ahmed, N., Howley, D. B., Nishtar, S., & Mahoney, J. L. (2008). Cervical Spine Injury in Association with Craniomaxillofacial Fractures. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 121(1), 201–208. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000293763.82790.aa
• Xun H, Lopez J, Darrach H, Redett RJ, Manson PN, Dorafshar AH. Frequency of Cervical Spine Injuries in Pediatric Craniomaxillofacial Trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019; 77(7): 1423-1432. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.02.034
• Parent, S., Mac-Thiong, J.-M., Roy-Beaudry, M., Sosa, J. F., & Labelle, H. (2011). Spinal Cord Injury in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Neurotrauma, 28(8), 1515–1524. doi:10.1089/neu.2009.1153
• Apple, D. F., Anson, C. A., Hunter, J. D., & Bell, R. B. (1995). Spinal Cord Injury in Youth. Clinical Pediatrics, 34(2), 90–95. doi:10.1177/000992289503400205
• Goodenough CJ, Moffitt JK, Wainwright DJ, Cantor AD, Nguyen PD, Teichgraeber JF, Greives MR. Cervical Spine Injuries in Pediatric Maxillofacial Trauma: An Under-Recognized Problem. J Craniofac Surg. 2020 May/Jun; 31(3): 775-777. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006111
• McNickle AG, Chestovich PJ, Fraser DR. Cervical Spine Injury is Rare in Self-Inflicted Craniofacial Gunshot Wounds: An Institutional Review and Comparison to the US National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020; 35(5): 524-527. doi: 10.1017/S1049023X20000771
• Mukherjee S, Revington P. Cervical spine injury associated with facial trauma. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2014; 75(6): 331-336. doi: 10.12968/hmed.2014.75.6.331
• Shah J., Wang F., Ricci J. A., Concomitant Cervical Spine Injuries in Pediatric Maxillofacial Trauma: An 11 Year Review of the National Trauma Data Bank. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023 Apr; 81(4): 413-423. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2022.12.010
• Deepak B. Attention to C-Spine in Craniofacial Trauma-An Update. J Head Neck Spine Surg. 2017; 1(3): 555564. doi: 10.19080/JHNSS.2017.01.555564

Download all article in PDF

WSN 184 (2023) 143-154

ADVERTISEMENT